Bases on microscopical evaluation of cells taken from suspected change. It helps to find tumour or also determine possible risk of neoplasia. Cytological examination depends on material collection with two possible methods.

Scraping method bases on smears of cells undergoing spontaneous desquamation (sputum, fluids from body’s cavities) or swabs (mucous membranes of gastrointestinal track or bronchi, cervix of the uterus).

Aspiration method depends on puncture of changed area with thin needle (0.5-0.6 mm) and further examination of material from the needle’s lumen, spread on microscopic slide. It is fine-needle biopsy (BAC, puncture).

It is a method, in which after through the skin puncture of the organ, cells and fluids from the examined tissue are sucked under pressure into the needle. Thanks to small diameter of needle, this method usually does not give any complications. In conjunction with the imaging techniques, such as USG or computed tomography, safe collection of specimen of the, even non-palpable tumour, located in any place of body, is possible.

Cytological examination is helpful especially in diagnostics of lesions of the cervix, respiratory system, peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity. It is the most often used in recognition of early cervical cancer.

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